Foods High In Histamine

Chapter 2: A review of the literature and research "

Introduction:

"Histamine was synthesized in 1907 and later isolated from mammalian tissue (Katzung, 1998, p. 261). It has multiple roles in the body, including neuromodulation and neurotransmission, allergic and inflammatory mediators, and gastric acid secretion stimulator. food sources of histamine are red wine and strawberries (Firshein, 1996). The names of organic chemicals is histamine 2 - (4-imidazoyl) ethylamine. It is formed by decarboxylation of the amino acid histidine, via the action of the enzyme histidine decarboxylase. usual method of body detoxification histamine methylation of the amino acid methionine (Pfeiffer, 1987). Excessive amounts of histamine released into the blood may dangerously increase heart rate and blood pressure at the point of shock and sometimes death. The mechanism of this phenomenon is described below.

Mast cells contain granules filled with histamine, and that is where most tissue histamine. Histamine is related to mast cells (cells called basophils or functionally related) is inactive. Exposure to an antigen (allergen) causes the IgE antibodies specific for the antigen contact mast cells (primary immune response). Recapitulation of the same antigen results in antibody signal to mast cells release histamine (secondary immune response) (Weinstein, 1987). Histamine actions include vascular permeability and bronchoconstriction (Abbas, Lichtman, & Pober, 2000), which can lead to asthma and dangerous drops in blood pressure. Excess of mast cells, known as mastocytosis, can cause a variety of disorders, including "decreased attention and memory, and emotional changes from anger, irritability, and to a lesser extent, depression (Rogers, et al. al., 1986, p. 437).

brain histamine neurons in the nucleus origin tuberomammillary (TM), which is located in the hypothalamus. These projects neurons in the nervous system, including the olfactory system and spinal cord (Wada, Inagaki, iTower, & Yamatodani, 1991). histaminergic neurons stimulate the cerebral cortex either directly or indirectly via activation of serotonergic neurons (Blandina et al., 2004). Some histaminergic neurons storage substances such as neuro galanin, GABA, substance P, glutamate decarboxylase, and adenosine deaminase (Blandina et al., 2004). Histamine increases brain arousal, locomotor activity, sexual behavior, and release of corticotropin (ACTH), and decreased slow-wave sleep, feeding and production of growth hormone (Wada, Inagaki , Yamatodani, & Watanabe, 1991).

To better understand the role of histamine in neurotransmission, an introduction / review of neurotransmitters, their receptors and signal transduction pathways downstream of receptors will be presented. A neurotransmitter is a chemical that affects communication between two nerve cells called neurons. It is synthesized within the neuron (histamine being an exception), goes to the end of the neuron (axon), is released into the extracellular space between neurons (synapses), and binds to a specific receptor on "receiving" neurons, usually the dendrite. After the neurotransmitter activates the receptor, it is soon out of the receiver and is taken by the axon original release, called "recapture". The action of the neurotransmitter is specific and local, or paracrine. This is in contrast to hormones which are released into the body's other organs, which are usually scattered throughout the tissue, and affect all cells that have receptors for the hormone (endocrine). However, certain neurotransmitters are also hormones, as mentioned previously, histamine is one of them.

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